Factors that affect enzyme activity

Since the mobile range for all molecules of virtuoso enzyme impart be made up of the resembling arrangement of amino acids, It has a passing particularized function. Generally, there is only one active site on individually enzyme molecule and only one attribute of subst deem molecule go forth break into it. This specificity leads to the lock and key hypothesis, Source 1 http/twwa. s-cool. co. uk/a-level/blology/ biological-molecules-and-enzymes/revise-it/enzymes Source 2 http//cllck4blology. lnfo/c4b?/chem3. 6. htmone a) vauntingly globular protein enzyme b) Active Site where the subst station combines to the enzyme ) subst direct which fits the active site d) set off complex.The subst crop is weakened to al slump the reaction. e) akin(predicate) enzyme/ re-used at little ducking f) output of the reaction In my investigation, I go away be using the enzyme catalase, which is found in some living organisms. It catalyses the decomposition of atomic number 1 pero xide Into water and oxygen. 2H202 + catalase 2820 + 02 Catalase dramatically reduces the activation heftiness needed for the reaction. Without catalase the decomposition would concern much longer, and would not be closely enough to sustain human life.Hydrogen peroxide is too a dangerous, very powerful by-product of metabolism, so it is essential that it is baffled down quickly, otherwise it would perk up reproach to cells. The activity of an enzyme is affected by its environmental conditions. Changing these depart alter the cast of reaction caused by the enzyme. In nature, organisms adapt the conditions of their enzymes to produce an optimum rate of reaction, where necessary, or they may nominate enzymes which atomic number 18 fitted to function well In primitive conditions where they live.Enzyme Concentration at low enzyme compactness there is great competition for he active sites and the rate of reaction is low. As the enzyme concentration profits, there are more(prenominal) active sites and the reaction can sustain at a faster rate, for more enzymes pass on be colliding with substrate molecules. Eventually, increase tne enzyme concentratlon Deyona a accepted polnt nas no endure Decause tne suDstrate concentration perishs the constraining reckon.Inquiring upon this factor, it is obvious to herald increasing enzyme concentration leave behind also increase rate of reaction establish upon contextual knowledge and after modeling a certain amount of enzyme oncentration, it go out no longer be the limiting factor. If I experiment on this factor, I would perceive my data to resemble the represent below, as it exemplifies how increasing enzyme concentration increases rate of reaction(shown by dint of line climbing) until it becomes the limiting factor and the rate of reaction does not increase(shown through line not climbing).Source 3 http//alevelnotes. com/Factors- affecting-Enzyme-Activity/146 Substrate Concentration similar to the enzyme concentration, at low concentrations of substrate there is a low rate of reaction. This is because there are some substrate molecules to react with active sites and and so limiting the number of reactions happening. Henceforth, increasing the substrate concentration bequeath increase the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules give be colliding with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed.However, after a certain concentration, any increase will sop up no effect on the rate of reaction, since Substrate Concentration will no longer be the limiting factor. The enzymes will effectively become saturated, and will be endureing at their maximum practical rate. If I was to investigate this factor, I would venture the rate of reaction will increase as substrate concentration increases, until a certain concentration is added when the substrate molecules are in excess resulting in enzyme saturation.The interpret (below) demonstrates my predictio n. Source 3 http//alevelnotes. com/Factors-affecting-Enzyme-Activity/146 enzyme and substrate truthful image portraying proposed image for concentration (discussed in according factors). Mentioned as telecasting of proposed investigation below Temperature All enzymes ave optimal temperatures, the temperature at which an enzyme produces the highest reaction rate for a specific reaction. The majority of enzymes in the human form works shell at 37 Celsius degrees.This is because 37 degrees Celsius is the bodys internal temperature and enzymes such as catalase, have been adapted to work best at that certain temperature. Below the optimal temperature, substrates have little kinetic energy and fewer enter the active site to be catalyzed. However, as temperature increases towards the optimum, the substrates and enzymes strike more inetic energy and collide more very much leading to a chemical reaction. When the temperature goes high up the optimum, the bonds holding enzymes togeth er also gain kinetic energy, increasing the speed at which they vibrate.This leads to the bonds breaking within the enzyme, making it transpose shape. This remove in shape direction that the active site is less antonymous to the shape of the substrate, so that it is less in all likelihood to catalyse the reaction. Eventually, the enzyme will Decome denatured ana will no longer Tunctlon. I nen as temperature Increases more nzymes molecules active sites will become less complementary for the substrate molecules and wherefore more enzymes will be denatured.This will decrease the rate of reaction. If I examined this factor, I would predict that the rate of reaction will peak at 37 degrees Celsius, as that is the optimum temperature of catalase. Also, as stated in the latter paragraphical record, increasing or decrease the temperature from its optimum will lower the rate of reaction. Therefore, I should expect the data I collected to be similar of the graph below. Source 4 http//www . rsc. rg/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/ enzymes. tm PH pH measures the acidity and basicity ofa solution. It is a measure of the henry ion (H+) concentration, and therefore a good indicator of the hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. It ranges from PHI to pH14. sink pH values mean higher H + concentrations and lower OH- concentrations. Unlike the same optimal temperature for all enzymes that dwell in the human body (370c) the optimum pH varies for the enzymes. For example, the enzyme pepsin has an optimum pH of 2. 0 whereas catalase has an optimum of 7. 6.Enzymes in polar locations have different Optimum pH values since their environmental conditions may be different. In this instance, pepsin operates most competently at pH 2 because it is commonly found in the stomach, where pH is low due to the presence of hydrochloric acid. Enzymes work in small ranges of pH values, so any change above or below the optimum will cause a sudden decrease in rate of reaction, since more of the e nzyme molecules will have active sites whose shapes are not (or at least are less) complementary to the shape of their substrate.Small changes below or above the optimum, does not cause a permanent change to the enzymes since the bonds can be reformed. However, extreme changes in pH can cause enzymes to denature and permanently loose their function. When the pH is changed from the optimal of the certain enzyme, the H+ and OH- interfere with hydrogen and ionic bonds that hold together an enzyme, since they will be attracted or repelled by the charges created by the bonds. This interference causes a change in the shape of the enzyme and most importantly, the active site.